Everything about Micrococcus totally explained
Micrococcus (mi’ krō kŏk’ Əs) is a
genus of
bacteria in the
Micrococcaceae family.
Micrococcus occurs in a wide range of environments, including water, dust, and soil. Micrococci have
Gram-positive spherical cells ranging from about 0.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter and are typically appear in tetrads.
Micrococcus has a substantial
cell wall, which may comprise as much as 50% of the cell mass. The genome of
Micrococcus is rich in
guanine and
cytosine (GC), typically exhibiting 65 to 75%
GC-content. Micrococci often carry
plasmids (ranging from 1 to 100MDa in size) that provide the organism with useful traits.
Species
Some species of
Micrococcus, such as
M. luteus (yellow) and
M. roseus (red) produce yellow or pink colonies when grown on solid media. Isolates of
M. luteus have been found to overproduce
riboflavin when grown on toxic organic pollutants like pyridine.
Hybridization studies indicate that species within the genus
Micrococcus are not closely related, showing as little as %50
sequence homology. This suggests that some
Micrococcus species may, on the basis of
ribosomal RNA analysis, eventually be re-classified into other microbial genera.
Environmental
Micrococci have been isolated from human skin, animal and dairy products, and beer. They are found in many other places in the environment, including water, dust, and soil.
M. luteus on human skin transforms compounds in sweat into compounds with an unpleasant odor. Micrococci can grow well in environments with little water or high salt concentrations. Most are
mesophiles; some, like
Micrococcus antarcticus (found in Antarctica) are
psychrophiles.
Though not a
spore former,
Micrococcus cells can survive for an extended period of time: unprotected cultures of soil micrococci have been revived after storage in a refrigerator for 10 years. Recent work by Greenblat et al. demonstrate that
Micrococcus luteus has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years on the basis of 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer.
Pathogenesis
Micrococcus is generallly thought to be a saprotrophic or
commensal organism, though it can be an
opportunistic pathogen, particularly in hosts with
compromised immune systems, such as
HIV patients. It can be difficult to identify
Micrococcus as the cause of an infection, since the organism is a normally present in skin microflora, and the genus is seldom linked to disease. In rare cases, death of immunocompromised patients has occurred from pulmonary infections caused by
Micrococcus. Micrococci may be involved in other infections, including recurrent bacteremia, septic shock, septic arthritis, endocarditis, meningitis, and cavitating pneumonia (immunosuppressed patients).
Industrial uses
Micrococci, like many other representatives of the Actinobacteria, can be
catabolically versatile, with the ability to utilize a wide range of unusual substrates, such as
pyridine,
herbicides,
chlorinated biphenyls, and
oil. They are likely involved in detoxification or biodegradation of many other environmental pollutants. Other
Micrococcus isolates produce various useful products, such as long-chain (C21-C34) aliphatic hydrocarbons for lubricating oils.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Micrococcus'.
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